2015年12月第三套
As it is, sleep is so undervalued that getting by on fewer hours has become a badge of honor. Plus, we live in a culture that __26__ to the late-nighter, from 24-hour grocery stores to online shopping sites that never close. It’s no surprise, then, that more than half of American adults don’t get the 7 to 9 hours of shut-eye every night as __27__ by sleep experts.
Whether or not we can catch up on sleep—on the weekend, say —is a hotly __28__ topic among sleep researchers. The latest evidence suggests that while it isn’t __29__ , it might help. When Liu, the UCLA sleep researcher and professor of medicine, brought __30__ sleep-restricted people into the lab for a weekend of sleep during which they logged about 10 hours per night, they showed __31__ in the ability of insulin(胰岛素) to process blood sugar. That suggests that catch-up sleep may undo some but not all of the damage that sleep __32__ causes, which is encouraging given how many adults don’t get the hours they need each night. Still, Liu isn’t __33__ to endorse the habit of sleeping less and making up for it later.
Sleeping pills, while helpful for some, are not __34__ an effective remedy either. “A sleeping pill will __35__ one area of the brain, but there’s never going to be a perfect sleeping pill, because you couldn’t really replicate(复制) the different chemicals moving in and out of different parts of the brain to go through the different stages of sleep,” says Dr. Nancy Collop, director of the Emory university Sleep Center.
A) alternatively B) caters C) chronically D) debated E) deprivation
F) ideal G) improvements H) necessarily I) negotiated J) pierce
K) presumption L) ready M) recommended N) surpasses O) target
2016年6月第一套
Pursuing a career is an essential part of adolescent development."The adolescent becomes an when he 26 a real job." To cognitive researchers like Piaget, adulthood meant the beginning of an __27.
Piaget argued that once adolescents enter the world of work, their newly acquired ability to form hypotheses allows them to create representations that are too ideal. The 28 of such ideals, without the tempering of the reality of a job or profession, rapidly leads adolescents to become 29 of the non-idealistic world and to press for reform in a characteristically adolescent way. Piaget said:"True adaptation to society comes 30 when the adolescent reformer attempts to put his ideas to work."
Of course,youthful idealism is often courageous,and no one likes to give up dreams. Perhaps, taken 31_ out of context, Piaget's statement seems harsh.What he was 32 ,however, is the way reality can modify idealistic views. Some people refer to such modification as maturity. Piaget argued that attaining and accepting a vocation is one of the best ways to modify idealized views and to mature.
As careers and vocations become less available during times of 33 ,adolescents may be especially hard hit.Such difficult economic times may leave many adolescents 34 about their roles in society. For this reason, community interventions and government job programs that offer summer and vacation work are not only economically 35_ but also help to stimulate the adolescent's sense of worth.
A) automatically B) beneficial C) capturing D) confused E) emphasizing
F) entrance G) exited H) existence I) incidentally J) intolerant
K) occupation L) promises M) recession N) slightly O) undertakes
2016年6月第二套
Let’s say you love roller-skating.Just the thought of 26 on your roller.skates brings a smile to your face.You also know that roller-skating is excellent exercise.You have a 27 attitude toward it.
This description of roller-skating 28 the three components of an attitude：affect, cognition, and behavior.You love the activity;it's great fun.These feelings 29 the affective or emotional component;they are an important ingredient in attitudes.The knowledge we have about the object constitutes the cognitive component of an attitude.You understand the health 30 that the activity can bring.Finally,attitudes have a behavioral component.Our attitudes 31 us to go outside to enjoy roller—skating.
Now.we don’t want t01eave you with the 32 that these three components always work together 33.They don’t：sometimes they clash.For example, let’s say you love pizza(affective component);
however,you have high cholesterol and understand(knowledge component) that eating pizza may be bad for your health.Which behavior will your attitude result in, eating pizza or 34 it?The answer depends off which component happens to be stronger.If you are walking past a pizza restaurant at lunchtime.Your emotions and feelings probably will be stronger than your knowledge that pizza may not be the best food for your health.In that instance.you have pizza for lunch.If you are at home trying to decide where to go for dinner,however,the knowledge component may 35 , and you decide to go where you can eat a healthier meal.
A. avoiding B. benefits C. highlight D. illustrates E. impression
F. improves G. inquiring H. perfectly I. positive J. prevail
K. primarily L. prompt M. specifications N. strapping O. typical
2016年6月第三套
The robotics revolution is set to bring humans face to face with an old fear-man-made creations as smart and capable as we are but without a moral compass.As robots take on ever more complex roles.The question naturally 26 Who will be responsible when they do something wrong?Manufacturers?Users?Software writers?The answer depends on the robot.
Robots already save us time, money and energy.In the future, they will improve our health care, social welfare and standard of living.The 27 of computational power and engineering advances will 28 enable lower-cost in-home care for the disabled, 29 use of driverless cars that may reduce drunk-and distracted-driving accidents and countless home and service—industry uses for robots, from street cleaning to food preparation.
But there are 30 to be problems.Robot cars will crash.A drone(遥控飞行器)operator will 31 someone's privacy.A robotic lawn mower will run over a neighbor's cat.Juries sympathetic to the 32 of machines will punish entrepreneurs with company—crushing 33 and damages.What should governments do to protect people while 34 space for innovation?
Big, complicated systems on which much public safety depends, like driverless cars, should be built, 35 and sold by manufacturers who take responsibility for ensuring safety and are liable for accidents.Governments should set safety requirements and then let insurers price the risk of the robots based on the manufacturer's driving record.not the passenger's.
A. arises B. ascends C. bound D. combination E. definite
F. eventually G. interfere H. invade I. manifesting J. penalties
K. preserving L. programmed M. proximately N. victims O. widespread
2016年12月第一套
It is important that scientists be seen as normal people asking and answering important questions. Good, sound science depends on 26 , experiments and reasoned methodologies. It requires a willingness to ask new questions and try new approaches. It requires one to take risks and experience failures. But good science also requires 27 understanding,clear explanation and concise presentation.
Our country needs more scientists who are willing to step out in the public 28 and offer their opinions on important matters. We need more scientists who can explain what they are doing in language that is 29 and understandable to the public. Those of us who are not scientists should also be prepared to support public engagement by scientists, and to 30 scientific knowledge into our public communications.
Too many people in this country, including some among our elected leadership, still do not understand how science works or why robust, long-range investments in research vitally matter. In the 1960s, the United States 31 nearly 17% of discretionary (可酌情支配的) spending to research and development,32 decades of economic growth. By 2008, the figure had fallen into the single 33 This occurs at a time when other nations have made significant gains in their own research capabilities.
At the university of California (UC), we 34 ourselves not only on the quality of our research, but also on its contribution to improving our world. To 35 the development of science from the lab bench to the market place, UC is investing our own money in our own good ideas.
A. arena B. contextual C. convincing D. devoted E. digits
F. hasten G. hypotheses H. impairing I. incorporate J. indefinite
K. indulge L. inertia M. pride N. reaping O. warrant
2016年12月第二套
The tree people in the Lord of the Rings--the Ents--can get around by walking. But for real trees, it's harder to uproot. Because they're literally rooted into the ground, they are unable to leave and go 26 .
When a tree first starts growing in a certain area, it's likely that the 27 envelope—the temperature, humidity, rainfall patterns and so on--suits it. Otherwise, it would be unable to grow from a seedling. But as it 28, these conditions may change and the area around it may no longer be suitable for its 29 .
When that happens, many trees like walnuts, oaks and pines, rely 30 on so-called "scatter hoarders," such as birds, to move their seeds to new localities. Many birds like to store food for the winter, which they 31 retrieve.when the birds forget to retrieve their food--and they do sometimes--a seedling has a chance to grow. The bird Clark's nutcracker, for example, hides up to 100,000 seeds per year, up to 30 kilometers away from the seed source, and has a very close symbiotic (共生的) relationship with several pine species, most 32 the whitebark pine.
As trees outgrow their ideal 33 in the face of climate change, these flying ecosystem engineers could be a big help in 34 trees. It's a solution for us--getting birds to do the work is cheap and effective--and it could give 35 oaks and pines the option to truly "make like a tree and leave. "
A. ages B. breathing C. climatic D. elsewhere E. exclusively
F. forever G. fruitful H. habitats I. legacy J. notably
K. offspring L. replanting M. subsequently N. vulnerable O. withdraws
答案解析：
2015年12月第三套
根据“we live in a culture that...to the late - nighter, from 24 - hour grocery stores to online shopping sites that never close”，可知这里表达我们的文化迎合了熬夜的人，“cater to”有“迎合”之意，所以选B。
根据“more than half of American adults don’t get the 7 to 9 hours of shut - eye every night as...by sleep experts”，可知是像睡眠专家推荐的那样，“recommend”表示“推荐”，这里用其过去分词形式，所以选M。
根据“Whether or not we can catch up on sleep...is a hotly...topic among sleep researchers”，可知在睡眠研究者中这是一个被热烈争论的话题，“debated”表示“被争论的”，所以选D。
根据“The latest evidence suggests that while it isn’t..., it might help”，可知虽然它不理想但可能有帮助，“ideal”表示“理想的”，所以选F。
根据“brought...sleep - restricted people into the lab”，可知是带那些长期受睡眠限制的人进实验室，“chronically”表示“长期地”，所以选C。
根据“they showed...in the ability of insulin(胰岛素) to process blood sugar”，可知他们表现出胰岛素处理血糖能力的提高，“improvements”表示“提高”，所以选G。
根据“that catch - up sleep may undo some but not all of the damage that sleep...causes”，可知是睡眠剥夺造成的损害，“deprivation”表示“剥夺”，这里“sleep deprivation”表示“睡眠剥夺”，所以选E。
根据“Still, Liu isn’t...to endorse the habit of sleeping less and making up for it later”，可知Liu还不准备认可少睡然后补觉的习惯，“ready”表示“准备好的”，所以选L。
根据“Sleeping pills, while helpful for some, are not...an effective remedy either”，可知安眠药不一定是有效的补救办法，“necessarily”表示“必然地”，所以选H。
根据“A sleeping pill will...one area of the brain”，可知安眠药会针对大脑的一个区域，“target”有“针对”之意，所以选O。
2016年6月第一套
根据语境“The adolescent becomes an... when he... a real job”，这里表达青少年开始一份真正的工作时就成为了某种身份，“undertakes”有“承担，从事”的意思，“undertakes a real job”即从事一份真正的工作，符合语境，所以选O。
根据前文提到青少年进入工作世界，对于像皮亚杰这样的认知研究者来说，成年意味着某种开始，“entrance”表示“进入，开始”，“the beginning of an entrance”可理解为成年意味着一种新阶段的开始，这里用“occupation”(职业)也通顺，从后文围绕工作对青少年的影响来看，“occupation”更契合整体关于职业对青少年发展影响的论述，所以选K。
根据“their newly acquired ability to form hypotheses allows them to create representations that are too ideal”以及“without the tempering of the reality of a job or profession”可知，这里说的是这种理想化表述的情况，“existence”有“存在”之意，这里句意是“这种理想画面的存在，没有经过工作或职业现实的磨炼”，所以选H。
根据上下文“become ......of the non-idealistic world”可知，此处应填入一个表示“不容忍”或“厌倦”的形容词，所以选 J) intolerant。
根据“True adaptation to society comes... when the adolescent reformer attempts to put his ideas to work”可知，这里说的是真正的社会适应是自然而然发生的，“automatically”表示“自动地，自然而然地”，符合语境，所以选A。
根据“out of context”以及“Piaget's statement seems harsh”可知，这里说的是如果脱离语境，皮亚杰的话看起来很严厉，slightly有“稍微、略微”的意思，此空句意是“从些许断章取义的角度来说”，所以选N。
根据“What he was... is the way reality can modify idealistic views”可知，这里说的是他所强调的是现实如何改变理想化观点，“emphasizing”表示“强调”，符合语境，所以选E。
根据“As careers and vocations become less available”以及“Such difficult economic times”可知，这里说的是在经济不景气时期，职业机会变少，“recession”表示“经济衰退，不景气”，符合语境，所以选M。
根据句意“leave many adolescents ......about their roles”可知，此处应填入一个形容词，表示“困惑的”，句意是“很多青少年对自己的社会角色感到困惑”所以选 D) confused。
根据“community interventions and government job programs that offer summer vacation work are not only economically... but also help to stimulate the adolescent's sense of worth”可知，这里说的是社区干预和政府暑期工作项目不仅在经济上有益，还能激发青少年的价值感，“beneficial”表示“有益的”，符合语境，所以选B。
2016年6月第二套
26. 空格前是介词of，空格后是on your roller-skates”，可知这里需要一个能与 on”搭配的动名词，表示穿上(轮滑鞋)”。所有动名词选项中，只有 N. strapping (用带子固定;系上) 符合， strap on”是固定搭配，意为系上”。所以选 N。
27. 根据上文 Just the thought of strapping on your roller-skates brings a smile to your face (一想到穿上轮滑鞋就让你微笑)”和下文 You love the activity (你热爱这项活动)”，可知作者对轮滑的态度是积极的、正面的。所以选 I. positive (积极的)。
28. 根据下文 This description of roller-skating...the three components of an attitude (这个关于轮滑的描述……态度的三个组成部分)”，可知空格处需要一个动词，表示这个描述的作用是阐明”或例证”了态度的三个组成部分。所以选 D. illustrates (阐明;例证)。
29. 空格前是feelings，空格后是the affetive or emotional component，可知此处要填入一个动词，根据后文they are an important ingredient in attitudes(它们是态度的重要组成部分)，可知这里要填一个表示“突出“的词，所以选C。
30. 根据空格前的 the health”和空格后的 that the activity can bring”，可知这里需要一个名词，与 health”搭配，表示这项活动能带来的健康益处”。所以选 B. benefits (益处)。
31. 根据空格所在句 Our attitudes...us to go outside... (我们的态度……我们到户外去……)”，可知这里需要一个动词，表示态度促使”或激励”我们去做某事。所以选 L. prompt (促使;激励)。
32. 根据固定搭配 leave you with the impression that... (给你留下……的印象)”，可知空格处应填入 E. impression (印象)。句意为：我们不想给你留下这三个组成部分总是协同工作的印象”。所以选 E。
33. 根据空格前的 work together”，可知这里需要一个副词来修饰 work together”，表示完美地”协同工作。所以选 H. perfectly (完美地)。
34. 根据空格前的 or”和上文提到的 eating pizza (吃披萨)”，可知这里需要一个与 eating”形成对比的选项，表示避免”吃披萨。所以选 A. avoiding (避免)。
35. 根据上文提到的情感成分和知识成分有时会冲突”，以及本句 If you are at home...the knowledge component may... (如果你在家……知识成分可能会……)”，可知在需要理性决策时，知识成分可能会占上风”或占优势”。所以选 J. prevail (占优势;占上风)。
2016年6月第三套
26. 根据上下文，前文提出了机器人犯错后谁负责的问题”，后文给出了答案”，可知这是一个自然而然地出现”的问题。选项 A. arises” (出现;产生) 符合语境。所以选 A。
27. 根据空格后的 and”可知，这里需要一个与 engineering advances” (工程进步) 并列的名词。选项 D. combination” (结合) 符合， the combination of computational power and engineering advances” 指的是计算能力和工程进步的结合”。所以选 D。
28. 根据句意，计算能力和工程进步的结合将最终使”更低成本的家庭护理成为可能。选项 F. eventually” (最终;终于) 符合语境。所以选 F。
29. 空格修饰 use of driverless cars”，表示无人驾驶汽车的广泛使用”。选项 O. widespread” (广泛的;普遍的) 符合语境。所以选 O。
30. 根据句意，但问题注定会出现”。be bound to do sth.”是固定搭配，意为必定;一定会”。选项 C. bound” 符合。所以选 C。
31. 根据空格后的 someone's privacy” (某人的隐私)，可知无人机操作员将会侵犯”隐私。选项 H. invade” (侵犯;侵入) 符合语境。所以选 H。
32. 根据上下文，机器人汽车会撞车，机器人会伤人，这些事故中都有受害者”。陪审团同情机器的受害者”。选项 N. victims” (受害者) 符合语境。所以选 N。
33. 根据空格后的 and damages” (和损害赔偿金)，可知这是一个与 damages”并列的名词，通常指惩罚性的罚款”。选项 J. penalties” (惩罚;罚款) 符合语境。所以选 J。
34. 根据句意，政府在保护人民的同时，为创新保留空间”。选项 K. preserving” (保留;维护) 符合语境。所以选 K。
35. 根据空格前的 built” 和 sold”，可知这里需要一个与它们并列的动词，共同描述机器人的生产过程。机器人需要被制造、被编程、被销售”。选项 L. programmed” (编程) 符合语境。所以选 L。
2016年12月第一套
根据空格后的 experiments and reasoned methodologies”可知，此处需要一个与实验、方法论并列的名词，作为科学研究的基础。科学研究的流程通常是提出假设、进行实验、采用合理方法。选项 G. hypotheses” (假设) 符合语境。所以选 G。
根据空格后的 understanding, clear explanation and concise presentation”可知，此处需要一个形容词来修饰理解”，并与清晰解释、简洁陈述构成并列关系，强调科学表达需要具备的特质。选项 B. contextual” (有上下文的，符合情境的) 最符合，指科学解释需要结合具体背景，使理解更透彻。所以选 B。
根据空格前的 step out in the public”可知，此处需要一个名词，构成固定搭配 step out in the public arena”，意为步入公共舞台/领域”，指科学家应公开露面并发表观点。选项 A. arena” (舞台，竞技场) 符合语境。所以选 A。
根据空格后的 and understandable to the public”可知，此处需要一个形容词与 understandable” (可理解的) 并列，共同修饰 language” (语言)，指科学家使用的语言不仅要易懂，还要有说服力。选项 C. convincing” (有说服力的) 符合语境。所以选 C。
根据空格前的 to” 和空格后的 scientific knowledge into our public communications”可知，此处需要一个动词，构成 incorporate...into...”的固定搭配，意为将……融入/整合到……中”，指将科学知识融入公共传播中。选项 I. incorporate” (包含，融入) 符合语境。所以选 I。
根据空格后的 nearly 17% of discretionary spending to research and development”可知，此处需要一个动词，表示投入”或“分配”资金。选项 D. devoted” (奉献，投入) 符合语境，常与 to 搭配，表示将……用于……。所以选 D。
根据前句，美国在20世纪60年代投入大量资金用于研发，空格后是 decades of economic growth” (数十年的经济增长)。这两者之间是因果关系，即投入带来了经济增长。选项 N. reaping” (收获，获得) 符合语境，reap the benefits/gains 是常见搭配。所以选 N。
根据空格前的 the single”和后文提到的比例下降，可知此处需要一个名词，表示数字”或“位数”。前文提到17%，后来下降到个位数”，即 single digits”。选项 E. digits” (数字) 符合语境。所以选 E。
根据空格前的 we” 和空格后的 ourselves not only on...”，可知此处需要动词构成 pride ourselves on...”的固定搭配，意为以……为傲”。选项 M. pride” 符合语境。所以选 M。
根据空格后的 the development of science from the lab bench to the market place”可知，此处需要一个动词，表示加速”或“促进”科学从实验室到市场的转化过程。选项 F. hasten” (加速，促进) 符合语境。所以选 F。
2016年12月第二套
根据前文 Because they're literally rooted into the ground, they are unable to leave and go...” (因为它们真正地扎根于地，所以无法离开和去...)，可知这里需要一个表示去别处”的副词。选项 D. elsewhere” (在别处) 符合语境。所以选 D。
根据空格后的破折号和 the temperature, humidity, rainfall patterns and so on” (温度、湿度、降雨模式等等)，可知这些是对空格处名词的解释说明，它们共同构成了气候”环境。选项 C. climatic” (气候的) 与 envelope” (包络，此处引申为环境) 搭配，构成 climatic envelope” (气候环境)，是生态学常用术语，符合语境。所以选 C。
根据前文 When a tree first starts growing...” 和后文 But as it... these conditions may change...” (但是随着它...，这些条件可能会改变)，可知此处需要一个表示随着树木成长/变老”的动词。选项 A. ages” (变老，成熟) 符合语境。所以选 A。
根据前文 the area around it may no longer be suitable for its...” (它周围的地区可能不再适合它的...)，可知这里需要一个名词，指代树木的生存繁衍。当环境变化，地区不再适合其生长，自然也就不再适合其繁衍后代”。选项 K. offspring” (后代，子孙) 符合语境。所以选 K。
根据空格后的 on so-called "scatter hoarders," such as birds” (在所谓的分散储藏者，比如鸟类身上)，可知这里需要一个副词来修饰 rely on”，表示依赖”的程度。后文详细描述了鸟类对树木种子传播的关键作用，说明树木是完全”或专门”依赖它们的。选项 E. exclusively” (专门地，唯一地) 符合语境。所以选 E。
根据空格前的 which they... retrieve” (它们...取回)，可知这里需要一个副词，描述鸟类取回食物的时间顺序。鸟类先储存食物，之后”再取回。选项 M. subsequently” (随后，后来) 符合语境。所以选 M。
根据空格前的 a very close symbiotic relationship with several pine species, most... the whitebark pine” (与几种松树有非常紧密的共生关系，尤其是...白皮松)，可知这里需要一个副词，用于举例说明，强调白皮松是其中最典型的例子。选项 J. notably” (尤其，特别地) 符合语境。所以选 J。
根据空格前的 As trees outgrow their ideal...” (随着树木不再适应它们理想的...)，可知这里需要一个名词，指代树木生活的场所或环境。选项 H. habitats” (栖息地) 符合语境。所以选 H。
根据前文 these flying ecosystem engineers could be a big help in... trees” (这些会飞的生态系统工程师可以在...树木方面提供巨大帮助)，可知这里需要一个动名词，表示鸟类对树木的帮助行为。结合全文主题，鸟类帮助树木将种子传播到新的地方，这实际上是一种重新种植”或帮助其重新定居”的过程。选项 L. replanting” (重新种植) 符合语境。所以选 L。
根据空格后的 oaks and pines the option to truly "make like a tree and leave."” (给橡树和松树真正像树一样离开”的机会)，可知这里需要一个形容词，描述这些树木的处境。前文提到，在气候变化面前，树木无法自己移动，处境危险。鸟类的帮助给了这些脆弱的”树木一线生机。选项 N. vulnerable” (脆弱的，易受伤害的) 符合语境。所以选 N。
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