The Price of Oil and the Price of Carbon
A) A group of corn farmers stands huddled around an agronomist (农学家)and his computer on the side of an irrigation machine in central South Africa. The agronomist has just flown over the field with a hybrid unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that takes off and lands using propellers yet maintains distance and speed for scanning vast hectares of land through the use of its fixed wings.
B) The UAV is fitted with a four spectral band precision sensor that conducts onboard processing immediately after the flight, allowing farmers and field staff to address, almost immediately, any crop abnormalities that the sensor may have recorded, making the data collection truly real-time.
C) In this instance, the farmers and agronomist are looking to specialized software to give them an accurate plant population count. It’s been 10 days since the corn emerged and the farmer wants to determine if there are any parts of the field that require replanting due to a lack of emergence or wind damage, which can be severe in the early stages of the summer rainy season.
D) At this growth stage of the plant’s development, the farmer has another 10 days to conduct any replanting before the majority of his fertilizer and chemical applications need to occur. Once these have been applied, it becomes economically unviable to take corrective action, making any further collected data historical and useful only to inform future practices for the season to come.
E) The software completes its processing in under 15 minutes producing a plant population count map. It’s difficult to grasp just how impressive this is, without understanding that just over a year ago it would have taken three to five days to process the exact same data set, illustrating the advancements that have been achieved in precision agriculture and remote sensing in recent years. With the software having been developed in the United States on the same variety of crops in seemingly similar conditions, the agronomist feels confident that the software will produce a near accurate result.
F) As the map appears on the screen, the agronomist’s face begins to drop. Having walked through the planted rows before the flight to gain a physical understanding of the situation on the ground, he knows the instant he sees the data on his screen that the plant count is not correct, and so do the farmers, even with their limited understanding of how to read remote sensing maps.
G) Hypothetically, it is possible for machines to learn to solve any problem on earth relating to the physical interaction of all things within a defined or contained environment by using artificial intelligence and machine learning.
H) Remote sensors enable algorithms (算法)to interpret a field’s environment as statistical data that can be understood and useful to farmers for decision-making. Algorithms process the data, adapting and learning based on the data received. The more inputs and statistical information collected, the better the algorithm will be at predicting a range of outcomes. And the aim is that farmers can use this artificial intelligence to achieve their goal of a better harvest through making better decisions in the field.
I) In 2011, IBM, through its R&D Headquarters in Haifa, Israel, launched an agricultural cloud-computing project. The project, in collaboration with a number of specialized IT and agricultural partners, had one goal in mind—to take a variety of academic and physical data sources from an agricultural environment and turn these into automatic predictive solutions for farmers that would assist them in making real-time decisions in the field.
J) Interviews with some of the IBM project team members at the time revealed that the team believed it was entirely possible to “algorithm” agriculture, meaning that algorithms could solve any problem in the world. Earlier that year, IBM’s cognitive learning system, Watson, competed in the game Jeopardy against former winners Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings with astonishing results. Several years later, Watson went on to produce ground-breaking achievements in the field of medicine.
K) So why did the project have such success in medicine but not agriculture? Because it is one of the most difficult fields to contain for the purpose of statistical quantification. Even within a single field, conditions are always changing from one section to the next. There’s unpredictable weather, changes in soil quality, and the ever-present possibility that pests and diseases may pay a visit. Growers may feel their prospects are good for an upcoming harvest, but until that day arrives, the outcome will always be uncertain.
L) By comparison, our bodies are a contained environment. Agriculture takes place in nature, among ecosystems of interacting organisms and activity, and crop production takes place within that ecosystem environment. But these ecosystems are not contained. They are subject to climatic occurrences such as weather systems, which impact upon hemispheres as a whole, and from continent to continent. Therefore, understanding how to manage an agricultural environment means taking literally many hundreds if not thousands of factors into account.
M) What may occur with the same seed and fertilizer program in the United States’ Midwest region is almost certainly unrelated to what may occur with the same seed and fertilizer program in Australia or South Africa. A few factors that could impact on variation would typically include the measurement of rain per unit of a crop planted, soil type, patterns of soil degradation, daylight hours, temperature and so forth.
N) So the problem with deploying machine learning and artificial intelligence in agriculture is not that scientists lack the capacity to develop programs and protocols to begin to address the biggest of growers’ concerns; the problem is that in most cases, no two environments will be exactly alike, which makes the testing, validation and successful rollout of such technologies much more laborious than in most other industries.
O) Practically, to say that AI and Machine Learning can be developed to solve all problems related to our physical environment is to basically say that we have a complete understanding of all aspects of the interaction of physical or material activity on the planet. After all, it is only through our understanding of “the nature of things” that protocols and processes are designed for the rational capabilities of cognitive systems to take place. And, although AI and Machine Learning are teaching us many things about how to understand our environment, we are still far from being able to predict critical outcomes in fields like agriculture purely through the cognitive ability of machines.
P) Backed by the venture capital community, which is now investing billions of dollars in the sector, most agricultural technology startups today are pushed to complete development as quickly as possible and then encouraged to flood the market as quickly as possible with their products.
Q) This usually results in a failure of a product, which leads to skepticism from the market and delivers a blow to the integrity of Machine Learning technology. In most cases, the problem is not that the technology does not work, the problem is that industry has not taken the time to respect that agriculture is one of the most uncontained environments to manage. For technology to truly make an impact on agriculture, more effort, skills, and funding is needed to test these technologies in farmers’ fields.
R) There is huge potential for artificial intelligence and machine learning to revolutionize agriculture by integrating these technologies into critical markets on a global scale. Only then can it make a difference to the grower, where it really counts.
36. Farmers will not profit from replanting once they have applied most of the fertilizer and other chemicals to their fields.
37. Agriculture differs from the medical science of the human body in that its environment is not a contained one.
38. The agronomist is sure that he will obtain a near accurate count of plant population with his software.
39. The application of artificial intelligence to agriculture is much more challenging than to most other industries.
40. Even the farmers know the data provided by the UAV is not correct.
41. The pressure for quick results leads to product failure, which, in turn, arouses doubts about the applicability of AI technology to agriculture.
42. Remote sensors are aimed to help farmers improve decision-making to increase yields.
43. The farmer expects the software to tell him whether he will have to replant any parts of his farm fields.
44. Agriculture proves very difficult to quantify because of the constantly changing conditions involved.
45. The same seed and fertilizer program may yield completely different outcomes in different places.
答案解析：
由题干中的关键词“replanting”“fertilizer and other chemicals”定位到D段。D段提到“Once these have been applied, it becomes economically unviable to take corrective action”，即一旦施用了大部分肥料和化学品，再采取纠正措施在经济上就不可行了，也就是农民不会从中获利，所以选D。
根据题干中的关键词“Agriculture”“medical science of the human body”“not a contained one”定位到L段。L段提到“By comparison, our bodies are a contained environment. Agriculture takes place in nature, among ecosystems of interacting organisms and activity, and crop production takes place within that ecosystem environment. But these ecosystems are not contained.”，将人体这个封闭环境与农业所处的非封闭生态系统环境进行对比，说明农业环境不是封闭的，所以选L。
由题干中的关键词“agronomist”“near accurate count of plant population”“software”定位到E段。E段提到“the agronomist feels confident that the software will produce a near accurate result”，即农学家相信软件会产生近乎准确的结果，所以选E。
根据题干中的关键词“application of artificial intelligence to agriculture”“more challenging than to most other industries”定位到N段。N段提到“the problem is that in most cases, no two environments will be exactly alike, which makes the testing, validation and successful rollout of such technologies much more laborious than in most other industries.”，说明在大多数情况下，没有两个环境是完全相同的，这使得人工智能等技术在农业中的测试、验证和成功推广比在其他大多数行业更为艰巨，也就是人工智能在农业中的应用比其他大多数行业更具挑战性，所以选N。
由题干中的关键词“farmers”“data provided by the UAV is not correct”定位到F段。F段提到“he knows the instant he sees the data on his screen that the plant count is not correct, and so do the farmers”，即农学家一看到屏幕上的数据就知道植物数量不正确，农民们也是，所以选F。
根据题干中的关键词“pressure for quick results”“product failure”“doubts about the applicability of AI technology to agriculture”定位到Q段。Q段提到“This usually results in a failure of a product, which leads to skepticism from the market and delivers a blow to the integrity of Machine Learning technology.”，即对快速结果的追求通常导致产品失败，进而引起市场对机器学习技术应用于农业的怀疑，所以选Q。
由题干中的关键词“Remote sensors”“help farmers improve decision - making to increase yields”定位到H段。H段提到“Remote sensors enable algorithms (算法) to interpret a field’s environment as statistical data that can be understood and useful to farmers for decision - making. And the aim is that farmers can use this artificial intelligence to achieve their goal of a better harvest through making better decisions in the field.”，说明遥感传感器能帮助农民理解数据并做出决策以实现更好的收成，也就是帮助农民改进决策以增加产量，所以选H。
根据题干中的关键词“farmer”“software”“whether he will have to replant any parts of his farm fields”定位到C段。C段提到“the farmer wants to determine if there are any parts of the field that require replanting”，即农民想确定是否有地块需要重新种植，也就是期望软件能告诉他是否需要重新种植部分农田，所以选C。
由题干中的关键词“Agriculture”“very difficult to quantify”“constantly changing conditions”定位到K段。K段提到“Because it is one of the most difficult fields to contain for the purpose of statistical quantification. Even within a single field, conditions are always changing from one section to the next.”，说明农业由于条件不断变化，很难进行统计量化，所以选K。
根据题干中的关键词“The same seed and fertilizer program”“completely different outcomes in different places”定位到M段。M段提到“What may occur with the same seed and fertilizer program in the United States’ Midwest region is almost certainly unrelated to what may occur with the same seed and fertilizer program in Australia or South Africa.”，即相同的种子和肥料计划在不同地方可能会产生完全不同的结果，所以选M。
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