Section C
Passage One
Questions 46 to SO are based on the following passage.
Sugar shocked. that describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that, 50 years ago, the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that shifted the focus away from sugar's role in heart disease-and put the spotlight (注意的中心) squarely on dietary fat.
What might surprise consumers is just how many present-day nutrition studies are still funded by the food industry. Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York university spent a year informally trackingindustry-funded studies on food. "Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies favored the sponsor's interest," Nestle tells us. Other systematic reviews support her conclusions.
For instance, studies funded by Welch Foods--the brand behind Welch's 100% Grape Juice-found that drinking Concord grape juice daily may boost brain function. Another, funded by Qualcer Oats,concluded, as a Daily Mail story put it, that "hot oatmeal (燕麦粥) brealdast keeps you full for longer."
Last year, The New York Times revealed how Coca七ola was funding well-known scientists and organizations promoting a message that, in the battle against weight gain, people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink. Coca七ola also released data detailing its funding of several medical institutions and associations between 2010 and 2015.
"It's certainly a problem that so much research in nutrition and health is funded by industry," says Bonnie Liebman, director of nutrition at the center for science in the Public Interest. "When the food industry pays for research, it often gets what it pays for." And what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding.
Given this environment, consumers should be skeptical (怀疑的) when reading the latest finding in nutrition science and ignore the latest study that pops up on your news feed. "Rely on health expertswho've reviewed all the evidence," Liebman says, pointing to the official government Dietary Guidelines, which are based on reviews of hundreds of studies.
"And that expert advice remains pretty simple," says Nestle. "We know what healthy diets are-一lots of vegetables, not too much junk food, balanced calories. Everything else is really difficult to do experimentally. "
46. What did Harvard scientists do 50 years ago?
A) They raised public awareness of the possible causes of heart disease.
B) They turned public attention away from the health risks of sugar to fat.
C) They placed the sugar industry in the spotlight with their new findings.
D) They conducted large-scale research on the role of sugar in people's health.
47. What does Marion Nestle say about present-day nutrition studies?
A) They took her a full year to track and analyze.
B) Most of them are based on systematic reviews.
C) They depend on funding from the food industries.
D) Nearly all of them serve the purpose of the funders.
48. What did Coca-Cola-funded studies claim?
A) Exercise is more important to good health than diet.
B) Choosing what to eat and drink is key to weight control.
C) Drinking Coca-Cola does not contribute to weight gain.
D) The food industry plays a major role in fighting obesity.
49. What does Liebman say about industry-funded research?
A) It simply focuses on nutrition and health.
B) It causes confusion among consumers.
C) It rarely results in objective findings.
D) It runs counter to the public interest.
50. What is the author's advice to consumers?
A) Follow their intuition in deciding what to eat.
B) Be doubtful of diet experts' recommendations.
C) Ignore irrelevant information on their news feed.
D) Think twice about new nutrition research findings.
答案解析：
46. 根据“the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that shifted the focus away from sugar's role in heart disease-and put the spotlight (注意的中心) squarely on dietary fat.”可知，50年前，哈佛大学的科学家将公众的注意力从糖对健康的危害转移到了脂肪上。所以选B。
47. 根据“Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York University spent a year informally tracking industry-funded studies on food. 'Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies favored the sponsor's interest,' Nestle tells us.”可知，Marion Nestle说现在几乎所有的营养研究都是为了满足资助者的目的。所以选D。
48. 根据“Coca-Colawas funding well-known scientists and organizations promoting a message that, in the battle against weight gain, people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink.”可知，可口可乐资助的研究声称，在抗击增重的战斗中，人们应该更多地关注运动，而不是吃什么和喝什么，即运动对健康比饮食更重要。所以选A。
49. 根据“When the food industry pays for research, it often gets what it pays for.”和“what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding.”可知，Liebman认为由食品行业资助的研究很少会产生客观的结果。所以选C。
50. 根据“Given this environment, consumers should be skeptical (怀疑的) when reading the latest finding in nutrition science and ignore the latest study that pops up on your news feed.”可知，作者建议消费者对新的营养研究结果要三思而后行。所以选D。
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